Codependency and Prefrontal Cortex Functioning: Preliminary Examination of Substance Use Disorder Impacted Family Members.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Substance use disorders (SUDs) have negative impacts on an entire family system and each family member may be at risk to develop a "codependency" on their SUD loved-one. Research has demonstrated that SUDs in the family environment associate with altered brain functioning of family members; however, research has not examined specific associations between codependency and brain functioning. METHODS: Prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation of family members (n = 38) was assessed using functional near-infrared spectroscopy as they viewed images of a SUD loved-one (experimental group; n = 26) or of a "target family member" (control group; n = 12). Correlations between PFC activation and codependency were examined. RESULTS: A significant negative association was found between codependency and left dorsomedial PFC activation in response to images of a loved-one with a SUD. This association was significantly larger than that found in the control group in response to a target family member, and that found in response to other affective images. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The left dorsomedial PFC is associated with executive functioning during responses to emotional and social situations. Findings may suggest that family members experiencing codependency may be limited in effectively responding to their SUD loved-one, and highlight the importance of systemic treatment and family member recovery. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: Codependency is often discussed as a learned condition and research has only recently examined brain processes of family members with a loved-one with a SUD. This research is the first to demonstrate an association between codependency and PFC functioning. (Am J Addict 2019;28:367-375).

Dependency, mood instability, and inconsequence traits for discriminating borderline personality disorder.

INTRODUCTION: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is one of the most widely studied personality disorders (PDs). It recurrently shows traits of emotional lability, anxiety, separation insecurity, depressiveness, impulsiveness, risk exposure, and hostility, mainly affecting the domains of negative affectivity and antagonism. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the most discriminant dimensions of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory (Inventário Dimensional Clínico da Personalidade 2 [IDCP-2]) to distinguish people diagnosed with BPD from people without this diagnosis. METHODS: A total of 305 participants were included in this study: psychiatric outpatients diagnosed with BPD (n = 30), psychiatric outpatients diagnosed with other PDs (n = 75), and a community sample (n = 200). BPD traits were assessed using the dependency, mood instability, and inconsequence dimensions of the IDCP-2. RESULTS: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) comparisons indicated highest mean measures in the BPD group, and mood instability factors were the most discriminant ones when considering all groups. Applying the multiple regression analysis, we found an adjusted r 2 = 0.50, and hopelessness was the most predictive measure (ß = 0.32; t = 6.19; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We found discriminatory capacity for factors of all dimensions, although at different levels, and more consistent results to discriminate the BPD group from the community sample.

Dependency, mood instability, and inconsequence traits for discriminating borderline personality disorder / Traços de dependência, instabilidade de humor e inconsequência para discriminação do transtorno da personalidade borderline

Abstract Introduction Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is one of the most widely studied personality disorders (PDs). It recurrently shows traits of emotional lability, anxiety, separation insecurity, depressiveness, impulsiveness, risk exposure, and hostility, mainly affecting the domains of negative affectivity and antagonism. Objectives To investigate the most discriminant dimensions of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory (Inventário Dimensional Clínico da Personalidade 2 [IDCP-2]) to distinguish people diagnosed with BPD from people without this diagnosis. Methods A total of 305 participants were included in this study: psychiatric outpatients diagnosed with BPD (n = 30), psychiatric outpatients diagnosed with other PDs (n = 75), and a community sample (n = 200). BPD traits were assessed using the dependency, mood instability, and inconsequence dimensions of the IDCP-2. Results Analysis of variance (ANOVA) comparisons indicated highest mean measures in the BPD group, and mood instability factors were the most discriminant ones when considering all groups. Applying the multiple regression analysis, we found an adjusted r 2 = 0.50, and hopelessness was the most predictive measure (β = 0.32; t = 6.19; p < 0.001). Conclusions We found discriminatory capacity for factors of all dimensions, although at different levels, and more consistent results to discriminate the BPD group from the community sample.

Resumo Introdução O transtorno da personalidade borderline (TPB) tem sido um dos transtornos de personalidade (TPs) mais estudados. O TPB recorrentemente apresenta traços de instabilidade emocional, ansiedade, insegurança de separação, depressividade, impulsividade, exposição ao risco e hostilidade, afetando principalmente os domínios relacionados à afetividade negativa e ao antagonismo. Objetivos Investigar as dimensões mais discriminativas do Inventário Dimensional Clínico da Personalidade 2 (IDCP-2) para distinguir pessoas diagnosticadas com TPB de pessoas sem esse diagnóstico. Métodos Foram incluídos no estudo 305 participantes: pacientes psiquiátricos com TPB (n = 30), pacientes psiquiátricos com outros TPs (n = 75) e amostra da população geral (n = 200). Os traços de TPB foram avaliados utilizando as dimensões dependência, instabilidade de humor e inconsequência do IDCP-2. Resultados As comparações com análise de variância (ANOVA) indicaram que o grupo TPB apresentou as maiores médias, e os fatores da dimensão instabilidade de humor foram os mais discriminativos ao se comparar os três grupos. Usando a análise de regressão múltipla, foi encontrado um r 2 ajustado = 0,50, e o fator desesperança foi o mais preditivo (β = 0,32; t = 6,19; p < 0,001). Conclusões Foi encontrada capacidade discriminativa para fatores de todas as dimensões, embora em diferentes níveis, e resultados mais consistentes quanto à discriminação foram observados para a distinção entre o grupo com TPB e a população geral.

Testing a model of codependency for college students in Taiwan based on Bowen's concept of differentiation.

The purpose of this study was to test a model of codependency based on Bowen's concept of differentiation for college students in Taiwan. The relations between family-of-origin dysfunction, differentiation of self, codependency traits and related symptoms including low self-esteem, relationship distress and psychological adjustment problems were examined. Data were collected from 567 college students from 2 large, urban universities in northern Taiwan. Results indicated a significantly negative relationship between levels of codependency and self-differentiation and that self-differentiation partially mediated the relationship between family-of-origin dysfunction and codependency. The implications of these findings for counselling Taiwanese college students who experience codependency traits and related symptoms as well as suggestions for future research are discussed.

Attentional perspectives on context-dependence of information retrieval

Attention has been traditionally understood as an important factor on acquiring new information. A review of the literature suggests that attention, specifically attention to the contexts, also plays a relevant role on information retrieval. It also shows that attention to the contexts is modulated by the ambiguity of the situation, and the informative value contexts have. The virtues and limitations of different attentional theories of learning applied to the explanation of the effects of context change on retrieval of the information are discussed. This analysis uncovers the weaknesses of current research on context processing that should be corrected by future research: The need of independent measures of attention to the contexts, the evaluation of the mechanisms of contextual control, and the possibility of taking an evolutionary perspective on the effects of context change (AU)

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Relación de niveles de empatía y la convivencia con animales de compañía / Relationship between levels of empathy and co-housing with animals

Algunos estudios relacionan mayores niveles de la empatía en las personas que conviven con animales de compañía, teniendo por objetivo este estudio, analizar el grado de empatía cognitiva y afectiva de personas, que conviven con y sin animales de compañía (AC), y determinar posibles diferencias en las variables sexo y edad. Se ha administrado las 4 escalas del test de Empatía Cognitiva y Afectiva TECA (Adopción de perspectivas, Comprensión emocional, Estrés empático y Alegría empática) a una muestra de 1127 sujetos mayores de 16 años, con una media de edad de 43.11 años. Los resultados obtenidos indican la existencia de diferencias significativas en la escala Estrés empático (ZMW = -2’17; p = 0'030) con puntuaciones superiores en las personas que conviven con animales de compañía, así como en diferencias de género en la escala Adopción de perspectivas (ZMW = -1’97; p = 0'049) y Alegría empática (ZMW = -2'22; p = 0'026), siendo la media superior para las mujeres. En la variable edad, se encontraron diferencias significativas en las 4 escalas analizadas, al comparar los sujetos del grupo de menor edad (16 a 30 años) con el de mayor edad (más de 60 años) que obtuvieron puntuaciones superiores

Some studies associate higher levels of empathy in people living with companion animals. This study aims to assess the degree of cognitive and affective empathy of people living with and without companion animals (CA) and also, to determine the possible differences in the sex and age variables. The 4 scales of the Cognitive and Affective Empathy Test (TECA) Adoption of Perspectives, Emotional Comprehension, Empathic Stress and Empathic Joy have been used on a sample of 1127 subjects older than 16 years, with an average age of 43, 11 years. The results obtained show the existence of significant differences in the Empathic Stress scale (ZMW = -2.17; p = .030), with higher scores in people living with companion animals and, in gender differences in both the Adoption of Perspectives (ZMW = -1.97; p = .049) and the Empathic Joy scales (ZMW = -2.22; p = .026), the average being superior for women. Moreover, a significant statistic relationship has been found in a positive sense and with a low magnitude, between the age and the four measures of empathy. Results indicate that the more the participants’ age increases, the more the scores of the 4 variables used tend to increase

María, la imposible intimidad / María, impossible intimacy

La intimidad es un espacio psíquico interno que necesita como referente ineludible lo externo de la relación con los otros. Consideramos que para que haya intimidad tiene que construirse la subjetividad, lo que implica un espacio de diferenciación. Tiene que haber una alteridad. A lo largo de este trabajo iremos recorriendo los enclaves que consideramos fundamentales para que pueda darse la necesaria intimidad. Todo ello lo veremos a través de algunas viñetas clínicas, que por las dificultades en la construcción de este espacio nos han permitido reflexionar sobre el concepto de intimidad, tan amplio y tan diversificado que tiene que ser construido a lo largo de toda la vida (AU)

Intimacy is an internal psychic space that depends upon the external dimension of the relation with others as its ineluctable point of reference. The authors consider that for intimacy to exist, subjectivity must be constructed, calling for a space of differentiation. There has to be otherness. The enclaves considered fundamental for the necessary intimacy to occur are examined in turn throughout the paper, by way of several clinical vignettes reflecting the difficulties in the construction of this space. This provides matter for reflection upon intimacy, exceedingly broad and broadly divergent as a concept, and which must be constructed throughout one's entire lifetime (AU)

La teoría del apego: confusiones, delimitaciones conceptuales y desafíos / Attachment theory: misunderstandings, conceptual delimitations and challenges

La teoría del apego ofrece visiones enriquecedoras del ser humano, pero su potencial explicativo se ve limitado por diversos factores. Además del desconocimiento ocasional de la teoría, o de la falta de rigor en su uso, también encontramos aspectos conceptuales pendientes de clarificación. La superación de estos debería incluir: a) la inserción del apego dentro de una compleja y dinámica red de motivaciones personales que empujan al ser humano hacia las relaciones interpersonales; b) la delimitación del tipo de seguridad buscado en las relaciones de apego (peligros físicos versus experiencias emocionales amenazantes); c) la distinción entre el apego y la necesidad de compartir estados emocionales y vivencias psíquicas (intersubjetividad); y d) el reconocimiento de la heterogeneidad del apego, que podría ser representado como un sistema motivacional con distintos niveles y por tanto diferentes necesidades a cubrir (AU)

Attachment theory provides an enriching view of the human being, but its explanatory potential is limited by a number of factors. In addition to the lack of knowledge about it or accuracy when using it, we also find some conceptual issues that deserve further clarification and whose overcoming should include: a) inserting attachment inside a complex and dynamic net of personal motivations that lead human beings towards personal relationships; b) establishing the kind of safety which is sought in attachment relationships (because of either physical dangers or threatening emotional experiences); c) tracing the differences between attachment and the need to share emotions and psychological states (intersubjectivity); and d) admitting attachment as an heterogeneous concept that can be represented as a multi-level motivation system aimed at fulfilling different needs (AU)

La prevención del riesgo de consumo de sustancias adictivas depende de la gestión adecuada de la paga que se les asigna a los jóvenes por las familias / Preventing the risk of consuming addictive substances depends on proper management of the pocket money assigned to young people by families

El grupo comunitario de Promoción de Hábitos saludables de Berriozar ha realizado un estudio para conocer los estilos de vida en relación al consumo de sustancias adictivas de jóvenes entre 12 y 15 años (ambos inclusive). El consumo de sustancias adictivas aumenta con la edad, habiendo un salto cuantitativo entre los jóvenes de primero y segundo con respecto a los de tercero y cuarto de secundaria. El consumo promedio de alcohol es superior al del tabaco y cannabis (muy similares en porcentaje), y está relacionado con la alta paga mensual que reciben los jóvenes. El consumo de una sustancia adictiva tiene relación con el consumo de otras sustancias (policonsumo), debido a la asunción de riesgos por parte de los y las jóvenes (cuando creen que "controlan" una sustancia, dan el paso a "controlar" otra sustancia). Se hace necesaria la revisión de la Ley Foral 24/2014 reguladora de los colectivos de usuarios de cannabis en Navarra, con objeto de promover la reducción del consumo de dicha sustancia entre los menores de edad

The 'Promoting Healthy Habits in Berriozar' community group has conducted a study to determine lifestyles in relation to substance abuse of young people between 12 and 15 years (inclusive). Substance use increases with age, involving a quantitative leap among young people in first and second grade with respect to those who are in third and fourth grade. The average alcohol consumption is higher than the percentage for tobacco and marijuana (which are very similar to each other) and is associated with high levels of monthly pocket money received by young people from their families. The consumption of an addictive substance relates to the use of other substances (poly-consumption) due to risk-taking by young people (when they believe that they ‘control’ one substance, this goes on to `controlling’ another substance). It is considered necessary to review Regional Law 24/2014 that regulates the consumption of marijuana in associations in Navarre, to promote a reduction in the consumption of this substance among teenagers

Gender and intergroup helping: forms of prosocial behaviors as differential social control mechanisms for women and men

The present research, drawing on the Intergroup Helping as Power Relations Model (Nadler, 2002), investigated the ways in which different forms of helping behavior can strategically affect responses to women and men who display socially valued or devalued characteristics. Participants read scenarios about concrete problems faced by a woman or man in need, who displayed positive (i.e., prosocial) or negative (i.e., antisocial) characteristics, and indicated the extent to which they would be willing to support small tax increases if that money were used to help address the target’s issues. The predicted Target Gender × Target History × Type of Support interaction, controlling for political orientation, was obtained, F(1, 149) = 6.49, p = .012, ηp 2 = .04. Participants tended to give less autonomy-oriented (i.e., empowering) help to a man displaying antisocial (vs. prosocial) characteristics, F(1, 36) = 3.39, p = .074, ηp 2 = .09.; they also tended to off more dependency-oriented (i.e., disempowering) help to a woman women exhibiting prosocial (vs. antisocial) qualities, F(1, 38) = 3.42, p = .072, ηp 2 = .08. The role of seemingly positive forms of social behavior as a mechanism for social control and the relation of helping to processes of group-hierarchy and system-justifying processes are considered (AU)

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Emotional dependency and dysfunctional relationship beliefs as predictors of married Turkish individuals' relationship satisfaction

In this study, we examined married individuals’ relationship satisfaction in relation to their emotional dependency and dysfunctional relationship beliefs. Our participants consisted of 203 female and 181 male, a total of 384 married individuals from urban cities of Turkey. Controlling the effects of gender and length of marriage, we performed a hierarchical regression analysis. Results revealed that married Turkish individuals’ relationship satisfaction was significantly explained by their emotional dependency (sr2 = .300, p < .001), and perceptions of interpersonal rejection (sr2 = .075, p < .001) and unrealistic relationship expectations (sr2 = .028, p < .001). However, interpersonal misperception did not make a significant contribution to the participants’ relationship satisfaction (p > .05). When compared to perceptions of interpersonal rejection and unrealistic relationship expectations, emotional dependency had the largest role in explaining participants’ satisfaction with their marriages. We discuss the results in light of current literature as well as cultural relevance. We also provide implications for future research and mental health practices (AU)

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The neuropeptide oxytocin modulates consumer brand relationships.

Each year, companies invest billions of dollars into marketing activities to embellish brands as valuable relationship partners assuming that consumer brand relationships (CBRs) and interpersonal relationships rest upon the same neurobiological underpinnings. Given the crucial role of the neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) in social bonding, this study tests whether OXT-based mechanisms also determine the bond between consumers and brands. We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled study involving 101 subjects and analyzed the effect of intranasal OXT on consumers' attribution of relationship qualities to brands, brands paired with human celebrity endorsers, and familiar persons. OXT indeed promoted the attribution of relationship qualities not only in the case of social and semi-social stimuli, but also brands. Intriguingly, for subjects scoring high on autistic-like traits, the effect of OXT was completely reversed, evident in even lower relationship qualities across all stimulus categories. The importance of OXT in a CBR context is further corroborated by a three-fold increase in endogenous release of OXT following exposure to one's favorite brand and positive associations between baseline peripheral OXT concentrations and brand relationship qualities. Collectively, our findings indicate that OXT not only plays a fundamental role in developing interpersonal relationships, but also enables relationship formation with objects such as brands.

Una forma de dependencia emocional: El "síndrome de Fortunata" / The "Fortunata syndrome": a form of emotional dependency

El artículo presenta información sobre una modalidad de dependencia emocional –para la que se acuña el término 'Síndrome de Fortunata'- que designa un tipo de relaciones afectivas que determinadas mujeres desarrollan repetidamente hacia hombres casados. En el síndrome son identificables varios patrones de conducta y varias actitudes características, como la fuerte y duradera dependencia emocional y la fidelidad hacia ese hombre, la ambivalencia de sentimientos hacia la pareja oficial (rencor por la creencia de que le ha arrebatado algo propio, pero también deseos de ser ella, de emularla o, incluso, de llevarse bien), el cuestionamiento de la validez de la unión del hombre con la otra mujer y la fantasía reiterada de que las circunstancias cambiarán y ambos acabarán juntos. Además de delimitar e ilustrar este tipo de relaciones, sus peculiaridades y sus diferencias respecto de otras situaciones con las que podría confundirse, se hipotetizan algunas posibles causas de esta forma de dependencia emocional y se presentan varias estrategias para ayudar a las mujeres que quieren terminar con esta modalidad de vinculación afectiva

This paper presents information about a form of emotional dependency, for which the term 'Fortunata syndrome' has been coined, designating a type of affective relationship that some women develop repeatedly with married men. Several patterns of behaviour and repeated attitudes can be identified in this syndrome, such us the strong and lasting emotional dependency and loyalty to the man, the ambivalence of feelings towards the official partner (resentment due to the belief that the partner has taken something which belongs to them, but also the desire to be her, to imitate her or even to get along with her), the questioning of the validity of the union of man with the other woman and repeated fantasies that their circumstances will change and they will end up together. In addition to defining and illustrating these relationships, their idiosyncrasies and their differences with regards to other situations with which they could be confused, we hypothesise some possible causes of this form of emotional dependence and we present several strategies to help women who wish to put an end to this form of affective linkage

El perdón ante transgresiones en las relaciones interpersonales / Forgiveness for transgressions in interpersonal relationships

Mediante el perdón, las personas reducen las respuestas negativas hacia sus transgresores, encontrándose más motivadas a mostrar comportamientos positivos en su lugar. Esta investigación pretende aproximarse al fenómeno del perdón a través de dos estudios. En el primero participaron 101 estudiantes universitarios, teniendo como objetivo examinar los diferentes tipos de transgresiones en función del tipo de relación (amistad vs. pareja) y del género. En el segundo estudio (n = 201 participantes de la población general) se estudió la influencia del género, así como aspectos emocionales y motivacionales en la concesión de perdón ante una transgresión de infidelidad. Los resultados del primer estudio mostraron que la infidelidad es la transgresión que se percibe como más grave. En el segundo, los resultados mostraron que ante este tipo de transgresión, las mujeres perciben las consecuencias como más graves, tienen sentimientos más negativos, mayor empatía y mayor dependencia que los hombres. Asimismo, la empatía en hombres, así como la dependencia en mujeres, predicen una mayor venganza, traduciéndose en un menor perdón. Finalmente, los resultados mostraron que tanto en hombres como en mujeres, el afecto negativo media la relación entre la gravedad de la transgresión y la motivación de venganza como consecuencia de la infidelidad

Through forgiveness, people reduce negative responses toward their transgressors, and are more motivated to show positive behaviors instead. Two studies were performed with the aim to approach the phenomenon of forgiveness. The first study, in which 101 university students participated, aimed to examine the different types of transgressions depending on the type of relationship (friendship vs. couple) and gender. In the second study (n = 201 participants from general population), we studied the influence of gender, emotional, and motivational variables on forgiveness after infidelity betrayal. Results of the first study showed that infidelity is perceived as the most serious transgression. In the second study, results showed that in unfaithful transgression, women perceived the consequences as more serious, felt more negative emotions and showed greater empathy and dependency than men. Also, empathy in men as well as dependency in women were found to predict revenge, and resulted in less forgiveness. Finally, results showed that in both men and women, the negative affect mediated the relationship between severity of transgression and motivation to retaliate as a result of infidelity

Drogodependencia y custodia compartida: ¿un maridaje conveniente? / No disponible

El presente estudio pretende esbozar las líneas básicas de la interrelación entre drogodependencia y custodia compartida, a los efectos de verificar en qué medida se trata de realidades antagónicas o por el contrario pueden armonizarse si interaccionan bajo unos cánones determinados. A tal efecto se parte de los criterios legales y jurisprudenciales de atribución de la custodia compartida, para desgranar qué lugar o visibilidad cobra en ellos la patología de la drogadicción y la posible interacción de estas dos realidades que a simple vista parecen estar llamadas a no entenderse. Se incide en los efectos que la drogodependencia tiene en el ámbito de la patria potestad y de la guarda y custodia, particularmente de la que se identifica como compartida

This study aims to outline the basic lines of the relationship between drug addiction and joint custody in order to verify to what extent these represent conflicting realities or can otherwise be harmonised if they interact under certain canons. To this end, the starting point of the analysis will be the legal and judicial criteria for assigning joint custody, to then find out which place or visibility the pathology of drug addiction adopts in these and the possible interaction of these two realities that at first glance seem fated not to fit together. Attention is drawn to the effects that drug addiction has in the field of parental authority and custody, particularly in the type identified as joint

Proceso y no proceso en el trabajo analítico / Process and non-process in analytic work

Los autores, trascendiendo la delimitación unipersonal de los conceptos de transferencia y contratransferencia, y apoyándose en su teorización sobre el campo analítico, se centran en lo que podría considerarse una creación del encuentro singular entre analizando y analista. Definen cómo la dinámica entre ambos puede entrar en fases de no-proceso y proponen el concepto de baluarte para referirse a cómo la colusión del inconsciente de ambos puede conducir a tal resultado. Para resolverlo definen la segunda mirada. Se basan en cómo una mirada externa al campo analítico puede ayudar a ver el campo desde fuera y detectar los baluartes para desactivarlos y volver a una dinámica de proceso (AU)

The authors, going beyond the unipersonal delimitation of the concepts of transference and countertransference, and drawing upon their theorization on the analytic field, focus upon what might be considered a "creation" of the singular encounter between analys and and analyst. They describe how the dynamic between both may enter into phases of non-process, and propose the concept of the "bastion" to refer to how the collusion of the unconscious of both sides may lead to such an outcome. In order to resolve this, they establish the concept of the "second look". This is based on how a look external to the analytic field may help to see the field from the outside, detecting the bastions in order to deactivate them and return to a process dynamic (AU)

Nuevas Drogas Psicoactivas / New Psychoactive Drugs

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Interpersonal self-support and attentional disengagement from emotional faces

Prior studies have shown that interpersonal self-support is related to emotional symptoms. The present study explored the relationship between interpersonal self-support and attentional disengagement from emotional faces. A spatial cueing task was administrated to 21 high and 24 low interpersonal self-support Chinese undergraduate students to assess difficulty in shifting away from emotional faces. The Sidak corrected multiple pairwise tests revealed that the low interpersonal self-support group had greater response latencies on negative faces than neutral faces or positive faces in the invalid cues condition, F(2, 41) = 5.68, p < .01, η2 = .22. In addition, in the invalid cues condition, the low interpersonal self-support group responded more slowly than the high interpersonal self-support group to negative faces, F(1, 42) = 7.63, p < .01, η2 = .15, the 95% confidence interval for difference of reaction time from 16.30 to 104.70. The results support our hypotheses that low interpersonal self-support is related to difficulty disengaging from negative emotional information and suggest that interpersonal self-support may refer to emotional dispositions, especially negative emotional dispositions (AU)

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Spanish adaptation of the internal functioning of the work teams scale (QFI-22) / Adaptación al español de la escala de Funcionamiento Interno de los Equipos de Trabajo (QFI-22)

BACKGROUND: The aim of this article is to develop the Spanish adaptation of the internal functioning of Work Teams Scale (QFI-22). METHODS: The scale was adapted from the French version, and was applied to a sample of 1,055 employees working for firms operating in Spain. The article analyses the internal structure (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis) and internal consistency, and provides convergent validity evidence of the scale. RESULTS: The QFI-22 scale shows the same internal structure as the original. Factor analysis confirmed the existence of two factors: interpersonal support and team work management, with good internal consistency coefficients (α1 = .93, α2 = .92). Regarding validity evidence, the QFI-22 scale has significant correlations with other correlates and alternative scales used for comparison purposes. The two factors correlated positively with team vision, participation safety, task orientation and support for innovation (Team Climate Inventory, TCI scale), with progressive culture (Organisational Culture, X-Y scale), and with creating change, customer focus and organisational learning (Denison Organizational Culture Survey, DOCS scale). In contrast, the two factors correlated negatively with traditional culture (X-Y scale). CONCLUSION: The QFI-22 scale is a useful instrument for assessing the internal functioning of work teams

ANTECEDENTES: el objetivo del artículo es adaptar al español la escala de Funcionamiento Interno de los Equipos de Trabajo (QFI-22). MÉTODO: se adaptó la versión francesa y se aplicó a una muestra de 1.055 empleados. Se analizaron la estructura interna (análisis factorial exploratorio y análisis factorial confirmatorio), la consistencia interna y evidencias de validez convergente de la escala investigada. RESULTADOS: QFI-22 muestra la misma estructura interna que la versión original. El análisis factorial confirma la existencia de dos factores: apoyo interpersonal y gestión del trabajo en equipo, con buenos coeficientes de consistencia interna (α1= ,93; α2= ,92). En cuanto a las evidencias de validez, la escala ha obtenido evidencias de relaciones significativas con otros correlatos y escalas de contraste. Los dos factores correlacionan positivamente con la visión, seguridad en la participación, orientación a la tarea y ayuda a la innovación (escala TCI, Team Climate Inventory); con la cultura progresista (escala X-Y de cultura organizativa), y con la orientación al cambio, orientación al cliente, y aprendizaje organizativo (escala Denison Organizational Culture Survey, DOCS); y negativamente con la cultura tradicional (escala X-Y). CONCLUSIÓN: la escala QFI-22 se configura como un instrumento útil para la evaluación del funcionamiento interno de los equipos de trabajo

Integración e interacciones entre los tratamientos farmacológicos y psicológicos de las adicciones: una revisión / Integration and interaction between pharmacological and psychological treatments of addiction: a review

Los tratamientos principales aplicados en el ámbito de las adicciones son la farmacoterapia y las terapias psicológicas, siendo escasas las intervenciones en las que se combinan estos dos tipos de terapias. El objetivo de este estudio es revisar y mostrar un resumen de los resultados de las principales investigaciones, que han evaluado la efectividad de la intervención combinada de estas terapias en comparación con la aplicación de los tratamientos administrados de forma aislada. Los resultados muestran que la aplicación combinada de tratamientos farmacológicos y psicológicos, presenta mayor efecto terapéutico y de prevención de recaídas, superando en parte las limitaciones que presentan estos dos tipos de tratamientos en su aplicación aislada (AU)

The main therapies applied to treat substance abuse or addictions are pharmacotherapy and psychological therapies, with few interventions that combine these two types of therapies. The aim of the present study is to review and to summarize the main results of research devoted to evaluate the effectiveness of the combined action of these therapies, as compared to the effectiveness of each type of treatment administered alone. The results show that the combined application of pharmacological and psychological treatments has a greater therapeutic effect and relapse prevention, thus overcoming some of the limitations of these two types of treatments when administrated alone (AU)